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 The hydrogen line, also known as the 21-centimetre line, is a distinct electromagnetic emission arising from neutral hydrogen atoms. This emission is a cornerstone in the field of radio astronomy due to its unique properties and significance in understanding the universe. Wavelength and Frequency: The hydrogen line is characterized by its specific wavelength of 21 centimetres, which corresponds to a frequency of 1420.4 MHz in the radio spectrum. This precise wavelength makes it particularly useful for astronomers to observe and map neutral hydrogen in the interstellar medium. Origin: The origin of the hydrogen line lies in the hyperfine transition of the ground state of neutral hydrogen atoms. This transition occurs when there is a change in the spin state of the electron relative to the proton within the hydrogen atom. In more detail, the electron and proton in a hydrogen atom can have their spins aligned in either the same direction (parallel) or in opposite directions (anti-p...

 Over the past decade, India's space program has soared to unprecedented heights, marking significant milestones and achievements that have propelled the nation into the global space arena. However, to truly appreciate the magnitude of these accomplishments, it is essential to reflect on the evolution of India's space sector over the last fifty years. India's journey in space exploration began in 1969 with the establishment of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). From humble beginnings, ISRO has evolved into a powerhouse of innovation and technological prowess, consistently pushing the boundaries of space exploration. In the last decade alone, India has made remarkable strides in various aspects of space exploration. One of the most notable achievements is the successful launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars orbit and the fourth space agency in the world to do so. This historic mission not only ...